中国农地租赁市场交易双方议价能力及影响因素研究 ——来自中国家庭追踪调查数据

研究目的：探讨农地租赁双方在信息不对称条件下的讨价还价能力，并揭示其异质性问题及背后原因。研究方法：利用信息博弈的双边随机前沿模型（SFA2tier）对不同阶段和不同地区下中国农地租赁市场交易双方议价能力及影响因素进行分析。研究结果：（1）从总体样本看，承租户比出租户具有更强的议价能力，出租户利用自身议价能力将租金抬高28.64%，承租户利用自身议价能力将租金降低34.25%，使得实际租金低于基准租金5.61%。（2）中国农地租赁双方的议价能力差距随时间呈现出不断扩大的趋势，但这种议价能力差距并不是由地区经济水平的差异性引起的，而是由地理区位条件和粮食主产区差异所决定，即承租户与出租户议价能力的差距在东、中、西部地区均为5.50%左右，而在南方地区和北方地区各为7.94%和3.67%，在非粮食主产区和粮食主产区却分别为7.20%和3.64%。（3）城乡因素、受教育程度、户口类型、性别、健康状况、年龄、经营规模等因素均是导致议价能力差距的根本原因，而居住在农村、受过高等教育、农业户口、男性、身体不健康、中老年、小经营规模农户都能够有效降低这种差距。研究结论：应当从实行农地租赁价格补贴、制定差别化的基准租金、完善农地租赁信息服务中心等方面来促进农地流转效率。     

Spatial interdependence in cost efficiency and local government optimal size: The case of Italian municipalities

This study provides an original approach to empirically determine the optimal size of municipalities for efficient social service delivery in Italy, accounting for spatial spillover effects across municipalities as well as endogeneity between the output provided and its cost. A highly disaggregated and up-to-date database of Italian municipalities is used to estimate, through endogenous spatial frontier of Kutlu et al. (2020), the minimum costs. In municipalities with population ranging from 2000 to 3500 economies of scale in social service provision emerge, exhibiting cost-optimality. This outcome is completely ignored in some Regional government where financing criteria are based on historical, non-public, and ex-post repayment criteria.     

Heterogeneity,leveling the playing field,and affirmative action in contests

The heterogeneous abilities of players in various competitive contexts often lead to undesirable outcomes such as low effort provision, a lack of diversity, and inequality. A range of policies is implemented to mitigate such issues by enforcing competitive balance, that is, by leveling the playing field. Some of those policies, known as affirmative action (AA) policies, are practiced in ethical response to historical discrimination against particular social groups, and are also aimed at increasing competition. This survey summarizes the rapidly growing literature on contest theory regarding AA and other policies that level the playing field. Using a general theoretical structure, we outline the theoretical, experimental, and empirical research findings on contest outcomes under a multitude of policy mechanisms, and in doing so, we touch upon some of the common debates in the AA literature.     

社会抚养压力与碳排放——基于STIRPAT模型与岭回归分析

根据STIRPAT模型，基于2003—2019年省际面板数据，对社会抚养压力与碳排放之间关系进行实证分析，将社会抚养压力细分为老年抚养压力和少儿抚养压力。研究发现：社会抚养压力与碳排放关系不显著；老年抚养压力与碳排放存在“U”形关系；少儿抚养压力与碳排放存在倒“U”形关系。最后将30个省区市通过总社会抚养压力的高低与经济发展水平的高低分成4个梯队，分别探讨这4个梯队的地区中，老年抚养压力、少儿抚养压力与碳排放之间的关系以及回归结果出现不同的原因。     

区域异质性视角下的碳排放、经济增长与产业结构——基于PVAR模型的实证研究

选取1995—2019年中国省域面板数据，构建PVAR模型，探究东中西三大区域碳排放、经济增长与产业结构的互动影响。研究结果表明：从全国层面来看，经济增长带动产业结构高级化发展，并与碳排放之间存在长期动态耦合关系，且需长期看待产业结构带来的碳减排作用；从区域异质性来看，东中部地区基本实现变量间协调发展，西部地区碳排放对经济增长更依赖，但三者间并没有形成良好的互动机制。最后依据研究结果，对各区域低碳协调发展提出政策建议。     

机构投资者异质性与企业绩效——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

以2001—2012年沪深两市A股上市公司为研究对象，考察了机构投资者异质性对企业绩效的影响。研究发现，机构投资者能显著提高企业绩效。进一步将机构投资者划分为稳定型与交易型机构投资者后，发现与交易型机构投资者相比，稳定型机构投资者对企业绩效的影响更加显著。研究结果表明机构投资者尤其是稳定型机构投资者发挥了监督作用，能有效地缓解代理冲突，降低信息不对称程度，有利于企业绩效的提升。     

劳动力成本上升会倒逼制造业企业服务化转型吗?——异质性讨论与动机识别

本文基于2009—2019年中国A股制造业上市公司数据,测算了制造业企业服务化水平,实证分析发现:劳动力成本上升显著促进了制造业企业服务化转型。异质性讨论表明:高生产率、低融资约束和规模较大的制造业企业在应对劳动力成本上升时,服务化转型的意愿更大。动机识别检验表明:劳动力成本上升会弱化制造业企业市场势力,服务化转型对企业市场势力具有重塑效应;服务化与技术创新均是制造业企业应对劳动力成本上升的转型路径,二者间存在替代性。最后提出政策启示:促进人力资本深化,驱动劳动力数量优势向质量优势转型,是弥补劳动力成本上升短板的关键;利用新技术形态创造的新契机,是助力服务化转型迈向高级化和现代化的重要机遇;同时,应谨防制造业企业服务化转型过程中虚拟化和空心化趋势。     

银行业竞争加剧还是抑制了企业金融化*

银行业竞争与企业金融化有多种关联机制，既可能加剧企业金融化，也可能抑制企业金融化。本文利用2007—2019年沪深两市A股非金融类上市公司的面板数据，考察了二者之间的关系。结果发现：（1）竞争性的银行业市场结构抑制了企业金融化。（2）银行业竞争不仅缓解了债务成本对企业利润的侵蚀，有助于缩小金融行业与实体企业之间的利润率差距，进而抑制企业利润追逐动机的金融化行为，而且通过引导信贷资源配置促进了企业创新，从而对实体企业金融投资产生挤出效应；此外，银行业竞争还通过促使银行积极发挥信息监督作用，抑制了企业内部人金融投机套利的机会主义行为。（3）银行业竞争对企业金融化的抑制效应在非国有企业、中小企业以及市场化水平较低地区的企业中更为显著。这些结果说明，提高银行业竞争水平有助于抑制企业金融化趋势，扭转经济“脱实向虚”的局面。     

How can trade partners be chosen when facing food scandals? China's milk scandal as a natural experiment

Using China's milk scandal as a natural experiment, this paper explores whether the countries of origin and export destinations have the same responses to the original country's food scandal. Our difference-in-difference estimation shows that the outbreak of China's milk scandal had asymmetric impacts on China's total imports (increased by 23.4%) and exports (sharply dropped by 65.8%). The results further show that China's milk scandal contributed to import increases from European and Oceanian countries. Moreover, China's milk scandal worsened exports, mainly those going to neighbouring Asian regions but increased exports to Oceania. A product quality index is constructed to explain this finding. Intuitively, consumers' perceived quality of Chinese products declined, and they tended to consume products from other countries. The lower the product quality was with those in China, the lower the perceived quality and safety, thereby affecting demand. During the scandal, Chinese consumers tended to buy high-quality dairy products from Europe and Oceania rather than the perceived unreliable dairy products produced by China or neighbouring countries. We conclude that product quality plays a key role in imports and exports when facing food scandals.     

Climate change and spatial agricultural development in Turkey

This paper investigates the impact of climate change on the spatial distribution of agricultural production in Turkey between 2004 and 2019. Our findings show that climate change has a pervasive impact on agricultural development. The empirical results show that the average temperature is negatively associated with agricultural land use, grain, and legume production. Moreover, regional variability analyses reveal the nonmonotonic relationships between climatic factors and agricultural output. Climate change hurts agricultural production in northern and central regions the most. This finding points out the ineffectiveness of one-size-fits-all-type policies for mitigating the adverse effects of climate change in topography with sizeable spatial dissimilarities. Overall, our results suggest that climate change will significantly threaten the evolution of agricultural activities that are critical for regional development. In addition, findings show that spatial spillovers and heterogeneity will be crucial for designing climate change policies for rural and agricultural development.